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question:用5个简短的英文句子分别概括一下五段As seen in Table 1, there is no statistical correlation between measured and estimated values; they are independent variables meaning that there is no predictive relationship between the two measurements. Consequently, if authors were to compare the difference between means they would probably find that the estimations are so different from the actual intake that they are neither reliable nor valid, thus supporting the use of alternative techniques such as the Intelligent Buffet when accuracy is a requirement of the research. Generalizability of the findings is limited due to the study design and sample size. The use of a convenience sample from a university setting introduced a sample mainly consisting of higher educated participants aged between 20 and 29 years. Consequently, the results measure perception of serving size against the weight of the food served for this survey sample. A larger sample size and a different study design would need to be undertaken to explore if these findings extrapolate to the general University student community or to specific socio-economic groups within that community. The literature and the current study findings suggest the likelihood of an overestimation of portion sizes. However, further studies should be carried out before making conclusions about whether the general population is capable of accurately estimating food portion sizes and about the effects this could have on the degree of validity in studies involving self-estimation as a data collection method. Considering that the majority of participants were highly educated people and nevertheless unable to correctly estimate the amounts of vegetables and whole grain served, and previous research highlighting that lower socioeconomic groups may find it difficult to interpret serving size recommendations, these findings may be of concern for nutrition educators (Drewnowski, Specter, 2004, Kamp et al, 2010, Robinson, 2008, Sinclair et al, 2013). Studies show that individuals from higher socio-demographic groups have a greater knowledge and comprehension of nutrition than individuals from low socio-demographic groups (Drewnowski, Specter, 2004, Pollard et al, 2008, Sinclair et al, 2013). Furthermore, this study raises the question about whether self-estimation of portion sizes would be an appropriate way to evaluate intake of vegetables and whole grain cereals, particularly in self-serving settings, such as University Canteens, since it appears that the participants had very little ability to estimate their own intake (estimated serving vs actual serving were independent measures). Probably, this will be applicable to most other food groups, and thus this study challenges the way for instance communication towards healthy eating is delivered. It also calls for innovative ways to make the population aware of what portions are if the intention is to rely on the general ability to estimate quantities of food served or eaten.
answer:1. Measured and estimated values are independent, with no predictive relationship between them. 2. The use of alternative techniques, such as the Intelligent Buffet, may be necessary for research requiring accuracy. 3. Generalizability of the findings is limited by the study sample and design, and further research is required to make conclusions about the general population. 4. The findings may be of concern for nutrition educators, particularly for lower socioeconomic groups who may have difficulty interpreting serving size recommendations. 5. Self-estimation of portion sizes may not be appropriate for evaluating intake, particularly in self-serving settings, which challenges current approaches to communication towards healthy eating and calls for innovative ways to educate the population on portion sizes.
question:用5个简短的英文句子分别概括一下五段The present study was the first to assess the accuracy of self-estimates of vegetables and whole grain portion sizes in a self-served meal conducted in a laboratory setting using an Intelligent Buffet combined with a quantitative questionnaire. When comparing the self-estimated amount of vegetables and whole grains with the actual amount, the analysis revealed a significant difference between the means (P < 0.001) where students’ self-reported portions were about three times bigger than the actual servings. The study supports the use of innovative techniques such as the Intelligent Buffet. Further it supports the use of triangulation in order to obtain more precise estimations on intake and to better evaluate the real adherence to nutritional recommendations. The questionnaires provided information on the profile of the participants and it appeared that there was little variety within the sample. Further limitations could be linked to the sample size and the methodological approach, particularly the equipment used for the data collection and data management, which had never been utilised prior to the study. This study suggests that at least for this survey sample individuals do not provide accurate estimates of the amount of vegetables and whole grains they serve themselves on a plate. Our study findings lead us to question individuals’ ability to assess the amounts of vegetables and whole grain they serve themselves from a buffet. The degree of underestimation of servings within this small experimental group is high. On average participants assessed that they served themselves about three times what they actually did. Although there was a high awareness of the Danish 6 A Day recommendation among study participants, their ability to accurately estimate their serving size appeared to be a limited. These findings highlight the need for further research into the accuracy of self-estimated intake across the population and the implications of the overestimation of current consumption for nutrition promotion interventions. Based on the findings of this study it is recommended that policy makers and social marketing campaign creators consider the development of more specific serving size measurements or that explicit communications e.g. regarding serves of plant foods used in nutrition education are needed to assist consumers in estimating own portions sizes in relation to general health recommendations.
answer:1. This study used an Intelligent Buffet to assess the accuracy of self-estimates of vegetable and whole grain portion sizes in a laboratory setting. 2. Participants self-reported portions about three times bigger than actual servings, highlighting the need for innovative techniques such as the Intelligent Buffet. 3. The study's limitations include the lack of variety within the sample and the methodological approach. 4. The findings suggest that individuals may not provide accurate estimates of vegetable and whole grain servings, raising questions about their ability to assess buffet servings. 5. Policy makers and social marketing campaign creators should consider developing more specific serving size measurements and explicit communication to assist consumers in estimating portion sizes in relation to nutritional recommendations.
question:book reccomendations for third crusade
answer:1. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land by Thomas Asbridge 2. The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the battle for Jerusalem by David Nicolle 3. A History of the Crusades, Vol. III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades by Steven Runciman 4. The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography by Miriam Pawel 5. God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of all Crusaders, Reynald de Chatillon by Jeffrey Lee 6. Saladin: The Life, the Legend and the Islamic Empire by John Man 7. Knight Templar 1120-1312 by Helen Nicholson 8. The Lionheart: A History of the Crusades and the Life of Richard I by John Gillingham 9. The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors by Dan Jones 10. The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin by Andrew Holt.
question:Book Reccomendations for Third Crusade that was made by a Historian
answer:1. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land by Thomas Asbridge 2. The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the battle for Jerusalem by David Nicolle 3. The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the Struggle for Jerusalem by Andrew Jotischky 4. A History of the Crusades, Vol. III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades by Steven Runciman 5. The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land by Thomas Madden 6. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes by Amin Maalouf 7. The Normans in the South, 1016-1130 by John Julius Norwich (covers the Norman involvement in the Third Crusade) 8. Saladin: The Life, the Legend and the Islamic Empire by John Man 9. Richard the Lionheart: The Crusader King of England by W.B. Bartlett 10. God's Wolf: The Life of the Most Notorious of all Crusaders, Reynald de Chatillon by Jeffrey Lee.